{"id":716,"date":"2018-06-04T03:41:22","date_gmt":"2018-06-04T00:41:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kusuaks7\/?p=321"},"modified":"2026-05-26T09:06:40","modified_gmt":"2026-05-26T09:06:40","slug":"blockchain-identity-and-csr-in-2018","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/fintech\/blockchain-identity-and-csr-in-2018\/","title":{"rendered":"Blockchain, Identity, and CSR in 2018"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"716\" class=\"elementor elementor-716\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-160f53e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"97168\" data-id=\"160f53e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5abd1b77\" data-eae-slider=\"12893\" data-id=\"5abd1b77\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bd5dbd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9bd5dbd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong><em>Ready to learn Blockchain?\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/training\/courses\">Browse courses<\/a>\u00a0like\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/training\/courses\/blockchain-for-finance-professionals\">Blockchain for Finance Professionals<\/a> developed by industry thought leaders and Experfy in Harvard Innovation Lab.<\/em><\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f5aec98 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"29644\" data-id=\"f5aec98\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4b4757b\" data-eae-slider=\"6953\" data-id=\"4b4757b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a61e8a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a61e8a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAI and Machine Learning deserve to be on the list of top areas for supply chain in 2018, as they are becoming incredibly prevalent and important for supply chains. But that topic will have to wait for another issue. Here we focus on blockchain, Identity Management, and Corporate Social Responsibility (a timeless subject that has taken on added meaning).\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4a1b811 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"50644\" data-id=\"4a1b811\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a95ebd\" data-eae-slider=\"31135\" data-id=\"8a95ebd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-465aa92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"465aa92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><h4><strong>Supply Chain Use Cases for Blockchain<\/strong><\/h4><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-83e143d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"49087\" data-id=\"83e143d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5e619e5\" data-eae-slider=\"37996\" data-id=\"5e619e5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41bd45f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"41bd45f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\nI know we\u2019re all getting inundated with articles about blockchain from every corner. Here I hope to provide a few different perspectives and tidbits that help to make sense of it all. Blockchains can be useful in supply chain use cases with the following characteristics:\n<ul type=\"disc\">\n \t<li><em><u>Lack of trust<\/u><\/em>\u2014Wherever there are unknown suppliers, customers, or service providers, blockchains can help entities transact with greater assurance; Where disputes are common and their resolution expensive; Where proof of authenticity and ownership is desired.<\/li>\n \t<li><em><u>Many parties who need a single version of the truth<\/u><\/em>\u2014Where coordination of multiple parties, processes, and assets is needed.<\/li>\n \t<li><em><u>Where multiple serial steps of paperwork slow things down<\/u><\/em>\u2014Such as in global trade documentation, supply chain finance, and so forth.<\/li>\n \t<li><em><u>Where reliable visibility of events across multiple parties has high value<\/u><\/em>\u2014Such as supply chains that need chain-of-custody tracking, provenance, traceability, faster and more reliable recalls, etc.<\/li>\n \t<li><em><u>Where auditability is important<\/u><\/em>\u2014Highly regulated supply chains; Socially responsible supply chains<\/li>\n \t<li><em><u>Where fraud and data tampering is a problem<\/u><\/em>\u2014Fraud-prevalent supply chains and information chains<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f3ef3b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"8298\" data-id=\"f3ef3b1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2614126\" data-eae-slider=\"33187\" data-id=\"2614126\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec11029 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ec11029\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWe are seeing many trials, pilots, and applications of blockchain in supply chain. Major use cases include:\n<ul type=\"disc\">\n \t<li><em><u>Chain-of-custody tracking, traceability, anticounterfeiting, provenance<\/u><\/em>\u2014IBM\/Walmart, Context Labs, Mojix, Chronicled, Microsoft, bext360, Everledger; Often combined with IoT<\/li>\n \t<li><em><u>Global trade enablement<\/u><\/em>\u2014Workflows, documentation, tendering, port coordination (ocean carriers, drayage), container no-shows, customs clearance, shipment tracking; IBM\/Maersk, 300cubits, Wave<\/li>\n \t<li><em><u>Supply Chain Finance\/Trade Finance<\/u><\/em>\u2014IBM, Microsoft\/BoA Standby Letter of Credit, Sweetbridge Foundation, Dubai, Natixis\/Trafigura<\/li>\n \t<li><em><u>Spot markets &amp; marketplaces, shared resources<\/u><\/em>\u2014Rating for transportation; Trucks, chassis, containers<\/li>\n \t<li><em><u>Sustainability, Socially Responsible Supply Chains<\/u><\/em>\u2014Factory audits, Carbon emissions tracking, Fair trade, conflict minerals and diamonds<\/li>\n \t<li><em><u>Cargo security, anti-theft, personnel background check\/verification<\/u><\/em>\u2014IBM, T-mining<\/li>\n \t<li><em><u>Asset management and tracking<\/u><\/em><\/li>\n \t<li><em><u>Contract management, Dispute resolution<\/u><\/em><\/li>\n \t<li><em><u>Client ID\/KYC (Know Your Customer)<\/u><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-80e9a81 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"15048\" data-id=\"80e9a81\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-95608b8\" data-eae-slider=\"32843\" data-id=\"95608b8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d614f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d614f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWe believe that the hype of 2017 will turn into real and bigger blockchain projects in 2018.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4430a81 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"97570\" data-id=\"4430a81\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-280b83a\" data-eae-slider=\"6802\" data-id=\"280b83a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4866090 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4866090\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><h4><strong>Permissioned Blockchain for Supply Chain<\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d630a4e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"45186\" data-id=\"d630a4e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ef9dab2\" data-eae-slider=\"90824\" data-id=\"ef9dab2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b75117 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3b75117\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThere are raging debates (amongst purists who care) about what should and shouldn\u2019t be called blockchain. The design of the original bitcoin blockchain supports an inherent distrust of central authority. So, the idea of diluting the decentraliza\u00adtion of blockchain architectures is anathema to the sensibilities of bitcoin blockchain purists. However, from a practical point of view, there are many different flavors of blockchains with different characteristics being implemented today. It is somewhat academic to argue about what to call them\u2014these different approaches are being experimented with and moving forward regardless. Some terms used to describe these include public, private, permissioned, and consortium blockchains. The precise definitions of these terms are currently up for dispute,<a name=\"ftn1Return\"><\/a><sup><a href=\"http:\/\/www.clresearch.com\/research\/detail.cfm?guid=C15CE00F-3048-78A9-2F60-59077C8E8CDA#ftn1\" rel=\"noopener\">1<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0but the table below shows the characteristics of public vs. permissioned blockchain we have been coalescing on recently at ChainLink.\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4b54c4d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"64727\" data-id=\"4b54c4d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6eff3c5\" data-eae-slider=\"89508\" data-id=\"6eff3c5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32db487 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"32db487\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFor most transactions in a supply chain, a permissioned model will be used. For starters, parties cannot be pseudonymous\u2014there is a need for ongoing communications about orders, logistics, quality, acceptance test results, and resolution of issues. Therefore, the identity of the transacting participants needs to be known and verified. Furthermore, the data about orders, prices, transactions, shipments, and so forth needs to be kept private to the parties involved. For competitive and security reasons, these data cannot be made available to the general public.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-106a291 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"28049\" data-id=\"106a291\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-833737a\" data-eae-slider=\"33659\" data-id=\"833737a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0966920 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0966920\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA scalable consensus algorithm is needed as well. Since participants have been identified and vetted, the heavyweight consensus approach of bitcoin or other public blockchains is not needed. Instead, digital signatures verifying acceptance of data by a few key stakeholder and knowledge-holder participants is sufficient. For example, an RFID reader may indicate receipt of specific items, cases or pallets, this may be confirmed by an ASN from the sender system, and there may be a signoff by the receiving clerk and\/or buyer\u2019s QA inspector. That could constitute consensus to write data onto a blockchain about receipt of goods, triggering a smart contract and payment. When the parties are known and strongly identified, consensus may be met with a much smaller number of validating nodes per transaction.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4ac7e02 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"80569\" data-id=\"4ac7e02\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2a9de6b\" data-eae-slider=\"87277\" data-id=\"2a9de6b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab2af06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ab2af06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><h4><strong>On-Chain vs. Off-Chain Data and Execution<\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2523056 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"68305\" data-id=\"2523056\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-836f2db\" data-eae-slider=\"32354\" data-id=\"836f2db\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79ec441 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"79ec441\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA blockchain may contain smart contracts<a name=\"ftn2Return\"><\/a><sup><a href=\"http:\/\/www.clresearch.com\/research\/detail.cfm?guid=C15CE00F-3048-78A9-2F60-59077C8E8CDA#ftn2\" rel=\"noopener\">2<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0that trigger and execute at key handoffs and decision points throughout the end-to-end supply chain. These can be used to automate key transactions and decisions. However, it is important to understand that storing data and running smart contracts on a blockchain is many orders of magnitude more expensive than using conventional computing resources.<a name=\"ftn3Return\"><\/a><sup><a href=\"http:\/\/www.clresearch.com\/research\/detail.cfm?guid=C15CE00F-3048-78A9-2F60-59077C8E8CDA#ftn3\" rel=\"noopener\">3<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Therefore, business applications will usually store most of the data and automation off-chain, using the blockchain only where it makes sense. Smart contracts will typically be used to encode mutually-agreed, high-level business rules and transactions, where multiple parties want full visibility and the ability to mutually validate the execution of transactions. Lower-level or \u2018behind-the-scenes\u2019 automation and algorithms will be executed off-chain. As we are in the early days of development and deployment of full scale blockchain applications in the supply chain, people are still experimenting and discovering what data and logic belongs on the blockchain vs. off-chain. The picture will become much clearer over time.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ceb548 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"38584\" data-id=\"2ceb548\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7230892\" data-eae-slider=\"41119\" data-id=\"7230892\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7128edf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7128edf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><h4><strong>Identity Management \u2026 Are We on the Verge of a Sea Change?<\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fd3deea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"45932\" data-id=\"fd3deea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7a1e843\" data-eae-slider=\"31474\" data-id=\"7a1e843\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccc052a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccc052a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOne would hope the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Equifax#May%E2%80%93July_2017_data_breach\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">May 2017 Equifax breach<\/a>\u00a0would be a wakeup call that it\u2019s about time we change how we manage personal data and identities. History tells us change doesn\u2019t happen so easily or quickly. But, it is not for lack of technology. Identity management technology exists that can obviate the need for passwords or storing personal information in servers all\u00a0over the place. The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/fidoalliance.org\/\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">FIDO Alliance<\/a>\u00a0is promoting the use of more secure technology (based on locally stored private keys) to enable passwordless authentication, as well as easy-to-use two factor authentication. If all sites used these, it could eliminate the need for storing passwords on servers. It is starting to get traction (my bank uses it), but not enough people are aware of it.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4199b32 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"37759\" data-id=\"4199b32\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b88422a\" data-eae-slider=\"12676\" data-id=\"b88422a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bfbcc0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4bfbcc0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThis approach has been supported by advances in hardware on two fronts. First, the biometrics on mobile devices (fingerprint readers, iris scan, facial recognition, eye vein, voice recognition, etc.) has become more and more accurate and usable. Figure 2 below shows the extremely low false reject and accept rates achieved by some of these technologies in dedicated systems. Mobile devices have not achieved the same level as dedicated systems, but have seen remarkable improvements; good enough to provide strong authentication, and they just keep getting better. The second development is the inclusion of TEEs (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trusted_execution_environment\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Trusted Execution Environment<\/a>) on mobile devices that can store private keys very securely on those devices. Together these make possible strong passwordless security, based on possession of the device and the right biometrics.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47b6f6d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"58587\" data-id=\"47b6f6d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a128fc7\" data-eae-slider=\"71969\" data-id=\"a128fc7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02bd949 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"02bd949\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><h4><strong>Federated Identity, Verifiable Claims<\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1f8a28e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"67023\" data-id=\"1f8a28e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6c798ad\" data-eae-slider=\"9286\" data-id=\"6c798ad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aa51df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5aa51df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThere has also been a movement to try and give individuals a single, universal digital identity. It remains to be seen whether this is feasible or even a good idea. Federated Identity has been made to work well within a corporation, giving employees a single identity across all of the company\u2019s applications and infrastructure. As well, social login (a form of Federated ID) is starting to become more widespread. Increasingly sites will let you use your social networking credentials (Facebook, Google, LinkedIn) to login. But where stronger authentication is needed\u2014such as making withdrawals from a bank account or a passport to cross a border\u2014there is no single accepted ID.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7a00e2d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"30756\" data-id=\"7a00e2d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c1206d1\" data-eae-slider=\"33153\" data-id=\"c1206d1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ba1d3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3ba1d3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe single universal ID debate would take a whole other article, but there has been a lot of progress made in the area of \u2018verifiable claims,\u2019 with standards being developed by the W3C\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2017\/vc\/WG\/\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Verifiable Claims Working Group<\/a>. Those will make it easier to express, exchange and verify claims such as \u201c<em>I own this banking account<\/em>\u201d or \u201c<em>I have such and such degree from this university<\/em>\u201d or \u201c<em>I am over 18<\/em>\u201d. This approach uses digital signatures and certificates for an authorized third party (such as the university that you are claiming to have a degree from) to verify the claim instantly over the internet. This will also be based on possession of the private keys for those signed certificates.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-57d30bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"56775\" data-id=\"57d30bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-75bd92e\" data-eae-slider=\"94098\" data-id=\"75bd92e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15524e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"15524e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><h4><strong>Self-Sovereign ID, Classification of Everyday Life<\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-025d93c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"90119\" data-id=\"025d93c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-035d4fb\" data-eae-slider=\"37875\" data-id=\"035d4fb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fd48d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2fd48d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAnother movement to keep your eye on is Self-Sovereign Identity and the idea that you should control access to your own personal data. A self-sovereign ID is owned by the individual (not by their employer, or bank, or government). These are being implemented using blockchain technology by organizations such as\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/sovrin.org\/\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sovrin<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.uport.me\/\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">uPort<\/a>. The ideals of ownership and control of personal data have been described in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.slidepiper.com\/static\/documents\/l5e7ok2m\/The%20Attribute%20Economy%202.0.pdf?versionId=VndfFKbk.MxdRKd3L4bWBv66zVFArDO8\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the Attribute Economy<\/a>\u00a0published by\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/meeco.me\/\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Meeco<\/a>, who has been advocating an\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.meeco.me\/immutable-me\/\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Immutable Me<\/a>\u00a0blockchain, a collection of attributes about a person under their control.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/diacc.ca\/\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">DIACC<\/a>\u00a0(Digital ID &amp; Authentication Council of Canada) is also promoting more personal control over identity.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ddda8c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"63434\" data-id=\"ddda8c6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48be0b9\" data-eae-slider=\"4253\" data-id=\"48be0b9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff2ee26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff2ee26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFinally, the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/coelition.org\/business\/resources\/coel-standard\/\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">COEL (classification of everyday life)<\/a>\u00a0is an OASIS standard, created by\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/coelition.org\/\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Coelition<\/a>, for recording any type of human behavior and a data format to exchange that information. This foundation will become increasingly important as IoT devices peppered throughout our homes, vehicles, cities, and workplaces records more and more data about us. These devices are becoming increasingly invasive, as described in\u00a0<em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.clresearch.com\/research\/detail.cfm?guid=BF78012F-3048-78A9-2F75-739FC8FEAD51\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Trends, Threats and Opportunities<\/a><\/em>. Vigorous efforts and unity of purpose will be required to protect personal privacy.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5104537 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"28183\" data-id=\"5104537\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a025b68\" data-eae-slider=\"64069\" data-id=\"a025b68\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a196166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a196166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><h4><strong>The Age of Corporate Social Responsibility<\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9b7eb30 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"12822\" data-id=\"9b7eb30\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5a64ee6\" data-eae-slider=\"7069\" data-id=\"5a64ee6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00f52d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"00f52d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIn the US, we are witnessing a time where regulations and regulatory resources are being rolled back and curtailed. A whole discussion could be had about the merits and pitfalls of regulation. I believe it is incredibly difficult to craft good regulations\u2014i.e. laws and regulations that actually accomplish the goals they are trying to, that are hard for businesses to game the system, and that are economical to enforce and comply with. So, we end up with regulations that range from fair to horrible. On the other hand, do we really want to go back to life without regulations, where company owners have a free hand to abuse employees severely, where there are no safety standards, where anyone can pollute the environment and not be held responsible, where bribery and corruption are rampant? I don\u2019t think so.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d145a48 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"99279\" data-id=\"d145a48\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a69429\" data-eae-slider=\"70955\" data-id=\"8a69429\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d11fa9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3d11fa9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSo, with regulations on the wane (for now) as an inhibitor of bad behavior, it is heartening to see business leaders stepping up to the plate to try and create cultures and actions of corporate responsibility. Highly respected business thought leaders have shown how that is good for business, such as Michael Porter and Mark Kramer\u2019s seminal 2006 article\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/sharedvalue.org\/sites\/default\/files\/resource-files\/Strategy_and_Society.pdf\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Strategy and Society: The Link Between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility<\/em><\/a>. We see increasing participation in transparent reporting initiatives, such as the Global Reporting Initiative (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalreporting.org\/\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">GRI<\/a>), Carbon Disclosure Project (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdp.net\/en\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CDP<\/a>), Dow Jones Sustainability Indices (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sustainability-indices.com\/\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">DJSI<\/a>), the Global Real Estate Sustainability Benchmark (<a href=\"https:\/\/gresb.com\/\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">GRESB<\/a>), and the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sasb.org\/\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SASB<\/a>).\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-399fba4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"61390\" data-id=\"399fba4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a777ccb\" data-eae-slider=\"58446\" data-id=\"a777ccb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ba5c2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4ba5c2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWe are advocating and rooting for this movement, and hope it continues to gain momentum and strength and that enterprises and supply chains increasingly become the world\u2019s champions for improving the human condition. That may sound idealistic, and of course we have a\u00a0<em>long<\/em>\u00a0way to go, with too many dire situations, but we are encouraged by the tremendous progress we\u2019ve witnessed on these fronts over the last couple of decades. Let\u2019s hope it continues and we all do our best to support it.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd5bc36 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"19187\" data-id=\"cd5bc36\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d1234f5\" data-eae-slider=\"87192\" data-id=\"d1234f5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-425ba5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"425ba5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<a name=\"ftn1\"><\/a><sup>1<\/sup>\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 11px;\">There is currently a lack of broad consensus on precise definitions for these terms (including also the terms \u2018private\u2019 and \u2018consortium\u2019 blockchains). That is not surprising given the early stage of discovery and experimentation we are at in deploying various flavors of <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\">blockchain<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\">, beyond cryptocurrencies. We expect that lack of consensus to diminish over the next year or two, as people start to settle on specific definitions. We saw a similar pattern when the term \u2018cloud\u2019 first started becoming popular. At <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\">first<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\"> there was a lot of handwaving and no universally accepted definition of what cloud meant. Within a couple of years, reasonably precise definitions coalesced and became widely accepted for specific categories of cloud services, such as\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.clresearch.com\/research\/detail.cfm?guid=EA719DE0-3048-79ED-999B-258ADAA69396\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS<\/a>.\u00a0<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7795c5c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"26643\" data-id=\"7795c5c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5d2f685\" data-eae-slider=\"19013\" data-id=\"5d2f685\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca04d48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ca04d48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 11px;\"><a name=\"ftn2\"><\/a><sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/blockgeeks.com\/guides\/smart-contracts\/\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Smart contracts<\/a>\u00a0are logic on a blockchain that can execute automatically when triggered by specific events. The contracts may transfer value (in fiat currency or cryptocurrency) between trading partners.<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3f9d2ab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"31\" data-id=\"3f9d2ab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-feb7043\" data-eae-slider=\"30816\" data-id=\"feb7043\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab94127 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ab94127\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 11px;\"><a name=\"ftn3\"><\/a><sup>3<\/sup>\u00a0The cost of storing data and executing smart contracts on a public blockchain like bitcoin can be thousands of times more than what it costs to store and execute the same data and logic on a regular computer, largely due to the highly redundant nature of the execution and storage, but also to the amount of encryption logic being executed. A <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\">permissioned<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\"> supply chain can reduce those costs by orders of magnitude, and eventually may get to within an order of magnitude or so of the cost of running on a single machine.\u00a0<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c25046b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"27318\" data-id=\"c25046b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-49c5c9e\" data-eae-slider=\"26920\" data-id=\"49c5c9e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4762114 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4762114\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 11px;\"><a name=\"ftn4\"><\/a><sup>4<\/sup>\u00a0Note, Figure 1 shows the false reject and accept rates for dedicated biometric systems, not for the rates for a mobile device. Nevertheless, these numbers have been improving on <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\">mobile<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\"> system as well and have become good enough for strong 2-factor authentication.\u00a0<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Here we focus on blockchain, Identity Management, and Corporate Social Responsibility, a timeless subject that has taken on added meaning.&nbsp;Identity management technology exists that can obviate the need for passwords or storing personal information in servers all&nbsp;over the place. There has also been a movement to try and give individuals a single, universal digital identity. With regulations on the wane (for now) as an inhibitor of bad behavior, it is heartening to see business leaders stepping up to the plate to try and create cultures and actions of corporate responsibility.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":298,"featured_media":3830,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[192],"tags":[98],"ppma_author":[1882],"class_list":["post-716","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-fintech","tag-blockchain"],"authors":[{"term_id":1882,"user_id":298,"is_guest":0,"slug":"bill-mcbeath","display_name":"Bill McBeath","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/?s=96&d=mm&r=g","author_category":"","user_url":"","last_name":"McBeath","first_name":"Bill","job_title":"","description":"Bill McBeath, Co-founder of ChainLink&#039;s research group, is Chief Research Officer at ChainLink Research and leads it&rsquo;s research efforts, as well as the procurement, strategic sourcing, design collaboration, and online marketplaces practices. With more than 20 years of experience in a variety of roles as a business and technology researcher and consultant, high tech executive, and software architect, he is recognized as a leading expert in extended-enterprise business models."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/716","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/298"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=716"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/716\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3830"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=716"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=716"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=716"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=716"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}