{"id":630,"date":"2018-03-27T03:28:57","date_gmt":"2018-03-27T03:28:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kusuaks7\/?p=235"},"modified":"2025-05-22T14:59:58","modified_gmt":"2025-05-22T14:59:58","slug":"data-preprocessing-for-non-techies-basic-terms-and-definitions-part-one-data-structures-types-and-values","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/bigdata-cloud\/data-preprocessing-for-non-techies-basic-terms-and-definitions-part-one-data-structures-types-and-values\/","title":{"rendered":"Data Preprocessing For Non-Techies: Basic Terms and Definitions, Part One\u200a\u2014\u200aData Structures, Types and Values"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"630\" class=\"elementor elementor-630\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-61af9156 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"61af9156\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-119a9b52\" data-id=\"119a9b52\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b0671e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4b0671e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<header><strong><em>Ready to learn Data Science? <a href=\"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/training\/courses\">Browse courses<\/a>\u00a0like\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/training\/tracks\/data-science-training-certification\">Data Science Training and Certification<\/a> developed by industry thought leaders and Experfy in Harvard Innovation Lab.<\/em><\/strong><\/header><section>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fe589ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fe589ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-874964a\" data-id=\"874964a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d32349 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4d32349\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_cpJmJWsBb0gYLmXqEMns9g-1024x360.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-37836\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_cpJmJWsBb0gYLmXqEMns9g-1024x360.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_cpJmJWsBb0gYLmXqEMns9g-300x105.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_cpJmJWsBb0gYLmXqEMns9g-768x270.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_cpJmJWsBb0gYLmXqEMns9g-1536x540.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_cpJmJWsBb0gYLmXqEMns9g-610x214.jpg 610w, https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_cpJmJWsBb0gYLmXqEMns9g-750x264.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_cpJmJWsBb0gYLmXqEMns9g-1140x401.jpg 1140w, https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_cpJmJWsBb0gYLmXqEMns9g.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fde144f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fde144f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-901131c\" data-id=\"901131c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1efdf89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1efdf89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"7792\">If you are getting started in your data science journey and don\u2019t come from a technical background (like me), then you definitely understand the struggle of keeping up with the terminology of data pre-processing.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f6bffdb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f6bffdb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-befa41f\" data-id=\"befa41f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-050f05e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"050f05e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"341\" src=\"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_TOv_ygmzh5yk48lw93IXZw.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-37837\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_TOv_ygmzh5yk48lw93IXZw.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_TOv_ygmzh5yk48lw93IXZw-300x128.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_TOv_ygmzh5yk48lw93IXZw-768x327.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_TOv_ygmzh5yk48lw93IXZw-610x260.jpg 610w, https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_TOv_ygmzh5yk48lw93IXZw-750x320.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-82d13a6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"82d13a6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7d3acbf\" data-id=\"7d3acbf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e136427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e136427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"0f95\"><strong>Therefore, I\u2019ve decided to dive deeper into the topic of data pre-processing, outline the basics, and share it with all of you.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"212f\"><em>This is the\u00a0<\/em><strong><em>FIRST<\/em><\/strong><em>\u00a0article, so we will only focus on key terms. Make sure to follow me, in order to read the next posts more focused on feature engineering, model selection, etc.<\/em><\/p>\n<p id=\"55af\">Keep in mind that some of these terms differ depending on the language or platform you are using. But, I hope it gives you a nice overview.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d6b3276 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d6b3276\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f2664a\" data-id=\"6f2664a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3c7998 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f3c7998\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><h3 id=\"5e21\"><strong>Basics of Data Structure:<\/strong><\/h3><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4fe994b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4fe994b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-67ca5b7\" data-id=\"67ca5b7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c5bdf6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3c5bdf6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"322\" height=\"364\" src=\"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_nST32NHoywkrTMNATJi_OQ.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-37838\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_nST32NHoywkrTMNATJi_OQ.jpg 322w, https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_nST32NHoywkrTMNATJi_OQ-265x300.jpg 265w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 322px) 100vw, 322px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-448edda elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"448edda\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-15d0b2c\" data-id=\"15d0b2c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf3d8b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bf3d8b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"e665\"><strong>Data objects:\u00a0<\/strong>an instance or observation containing a set of characteristics. For example, every person (row) on the table.<\/p>\n<p id=\"d196\"><strong>Attributes:\u00a0<\/strong>characteristics of an object\u00a0. Also called features, variables, tuples, or dimensions. For example, the marital status (column) per person (row).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-111c15c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"111c15c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c41c7e5\" data-id=\"c41c7e5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47eca8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47eca8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"ed08\"><strong>Record:\u00a0<\/strong>Data that consists of a collection of objects, each of which consists of a fixed set of attributes. For example, the table above. Records aren\u2019t the only type of data set, but the most common, so we will focus on this ones for now.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5bee3b9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5bee3b9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6802724\" data-id=\"6802724\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b8f9d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9b8f9d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"c69f\"><strong>Vector:\u00a0<\/strong>a collection of values for an attribute. For example, \u2018Single, Married, Divorced\u2019 for Marital Status. All values should be the same data type.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5e31a12 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5e31a12\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-628bd0f\" data-id=\"628bd0f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1177ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1177ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"e4ae\"><strong>Matrix:<\/strong>\u00a0in general terms, it is the same as a table but more flexible. The secret is that matrices are all composed of data the same type, and you can apply algebraic functions to them.<\/p>\n<p id=\"4d89\"><strong>Frame:\u00a0<\/strong>a frame, can be seen as a \u201csnapshot\u201d of a table. Usually used in R, to reduce the size of the table we are working with, or create a new format. We use data frames, instead of matrices or vectors when columns are of different data types (numeric\/character\/logical etc.).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a28e6a4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a28e6a4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e135ef3\" data-id=\"e135ef3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57ecef1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"57ecef1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"189\" src=\"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_uY-YfF8H2BU3BdnGaQyvgA.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-37839\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_uY-YfF8H2BU3BdnGaQyvgA.png 800w, https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_uY-YfF8H2BU3BdnGaQyvgA-300x71.png 300w, https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_uY-YfF8H2BU3BdnGaQyvgA-768x181.png 768w, https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_uY-YfF8H2BU3BdnGaQyvgA-610x144.png 610w, https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_uY-YfF8H2BU3BdnGaQyvgA-750x177.png 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-54926b7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"54926b7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7a35f69\" data-id=\"7a35f69\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3f6fdc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3f6fdc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n \t<li id=\"570b\"><em>tabular:\u00a0<\/em>flat, rows represent instances and columns represent features. Could be like the table above, but also like the table below.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-62470c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"62470c8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fb50fc9\" data-id=\"fb50fc9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d86034 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2d86034\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"187\" src=\"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_38bjLqMNbCfneWMqPuLPsA.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-37840\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_38bjLqMNbCfneWMqPuLPsA.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_38bjLqMNbCfneWMqPuLPsA-300x112.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9ed2835 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9ed2835\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-80e4dcc\" data-id=\"80e4dcc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4293952 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4293952\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n \t<li id=\"58a1\"><em>transactional:<\/em>\u00a0rows represent transactions, so if a customer makes multiple purchases, for example, each would be a separate record, with associated items linked by a customer ID.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4231728 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4231728\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3906d09\" data-id=\"3906d09\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79a9b45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"79a9b45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"264\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_r0z84YhcCG5DAK9ePVFfCg.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-37841\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1799c3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1799c3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b43885e\" data-id=\"b43885e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-408ec6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"408ec6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><h3 id=\"0b71\"><strong>Basics on Attributes:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b60aba3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b60aba3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d964095\" data-id=\"d964095\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01910af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"01910af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"fe2e\">There are four types of data that may be gathered, each one adding more to the next (if gathered correctly). Thus ordinal data is also nominal, and so on. A useful acronym to help remember this is NOIR (French for \u2018black\u2019).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eee7400 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eee7400\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c069ecd\" data-id=\"c069ecd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-957e11f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"957e11f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"311\" src=\"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_x5LNaIDfgGEzzEWkGuGGxw.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-37842\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_x5LNaIDfgGEzzEWkGuGGxw.png 800w, https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_x5LNaIDfgGEzzEWkGuGGxw-300x117.png 300w, https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_x5LNaIDfgGEzzEWkGuGGxw-768x299.png 768w, https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_x5LNaIDfgGEzzEWkGuGGxw-610x237.png 610w, https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_x5LNaIDfgGEzzEWkGuGGxw-750x292.png 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-41ed252 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"41ed252\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c83c9da\" data-id=\"c83c9da\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c329d44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c329d44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<ul>\n \t<li id=\"8686\"><em>nominal (qualitative):\u00a0<\/em>used to \u201cname,\u201d or label discrete data. (categorical, unordered)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-debd992 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"debd992\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f605c9e\" data-id=\"f605c9e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38e1ff6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"38e1ff6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"703\" height=\"168\" src=\"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_jraR3wyoTVkPodyGCVeTWA.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-37843\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_jraR3wyoTVkPodyGCVeTWA.png 703w, https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_jraR3wyoTVkPodyGCVeTWA-300x72.png 300w, https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_jraR3wyoTVkPodyGCVeTWA-610x146.png 610w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 703px) 100vw, 703px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-514290d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"514290d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ab4b34c\" data-id=\"ab4b34c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac23ce8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ac23ce8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n \t<li id=\"223a\"><em>ordinal(quantitative):<\/em>\u00a0provide good information about the order of choices, such as in a customer satisfaction survey. (categorical, ordered)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7ca5d47 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7ca5d47\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e26b3f8\" data-id=\"e26b3f8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4e9ac8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d4e9ac8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"511\" height=\"154\" src=\"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_Tqyoll3c7vA5A9_3eMhpIQ.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-37844\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_Tqyoll3c7vA5A9_3eMhpIQ.png 511w, https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_Tqyoll3c7vA5A9_3eMhpIQ-300x90.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 511px) 100vw, 511px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-83306ab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"83306ab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cfba9ac\" data-id=\"cfba9ac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f05200 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f05200\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n \t<li id=\"2858\"><em>interval(quantitative):\u00a0<\/em>give us the order of values + the ability to quantify the difference between each one. Usually used with continuous data.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7a208e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7a208e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c64d6b9\" data-id=\"c64d6b9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b24890b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b24890b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_s1YIDm8i_6GJYxlefLssvw.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-37845\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_s1YIDm8i_6GJYxlefLssvw.jpg 225w, https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_s1YIDm8i_6GJYxlefLssvw-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_s1YIDm8i_6GJYxlefLssvw-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91ff14b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91ff14b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-079ab89\" data-id=\"079ab89\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-195aca7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"195aca7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n \t<li id=\"0361\"><em>ratio\/scale (quantitative):\u00a0<\/em>give us the ultimate\u2013order, interval values, plus the ability to calculate ratios since a \u201ctrue zero\u201d can be defined.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b33d476 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b33d476\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ae64e93\" data-id=\"ae64e93\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ba528b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6ba528b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_DWo1f0m68LYj1TV4I9Npqw.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-37846\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_DWo1f0m68LYj1TV4I9Npqw.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_DWo1f0m68LYj1TV4I9Npqw-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/1_DWo1f0m68LYj1TV4I9Npqw-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e93dbf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e93dbf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e1a704e\" data-id=\"e1a704e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd5fbed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dd5fbed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"88fa\"><strong><em>\u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 Side Note #1:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"18c6\">Interval and ratio data are\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/changingminds.org\/explanations\/research\/analysis\/parametric_non-parametric.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-href=\"http:\/\/changingminds.org\/explanations\/research\/analysis\/parametric_non-parametric.htm\" data-><em>p<\/em><\/a><em>arametric<\/em>, used with parametric tools in which distributions are predictable (and often Normal).<\/p>\n<p id=\"fbc4\">Nominal and ordinal data are\u00a0<em>non-parametric<\/em>, and do not assume any particular distribution. They are used with non-parametric tools such as the Histogram.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0e0ccfd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0e0ccfd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d273aad\" data-id=\"d273aad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-989650b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"989650b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"f14c\">Qualitative data commonly summarized using percentages\/proportions, while numeric summarized using average\/means.<\/p>\n<p id=\"cdfc\"><strong><em>\u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 end.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6087040 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6087040\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-26deb06\" data-id=\"26deb06\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-957a0df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"957a0df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n \t<li id=\"0707\"><em>binary\/ dichotomous(qualitative):\u00a0<\/em>type of categorical data with only two categories. Can describe either nominal or ordinal data. ex. M vs F (or 0 vs 1 when converted in dummy variables)<\/li>\n \t<li id=\"6b73\"><em>discrete(numeric):\u00a0<\/em>gaps between possible values. ex. number of students<\/li>\n \t<li id=\"ea84\"><em>continuous(numeric):\u00a0<\/em>no gaps between possible values. ex. temperature<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-def160a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"def160a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b6e74d7\" data-id=\"b6e74d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5fbddf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b5fbddf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"6d46\"><strong>Common Types of Values:<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-180ad5e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"180ad5e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4c84303\" data-id=\"4c84303\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e7a4c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0e7a4c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n \t<li id=\"63b2\"><em>decimal:<\/em>\u00a0numeric values to the right of the decimal point, should specify precision and scale (see source: SQL Data Types).<\/li>\n \t<li id=\"fdf5\"><em>integer:<\/em>\u00a0accepts numeric values with an implied scale of zero. It stores any whole number between 2#k8SjZc9Dxk -31 and \u00b2\u00b3\u00b9 -1.<\/li>\n \t<li id=\"2e6a\"><em>boolean:<\/em>\u00a0accepts the storage of two values: TRUE or FALSE.<\/li>\n \t<li id=\"52d8\"><em>date\/time\/time stamp:<\/em>\u00a0accepts values based on format specified.<\/li>\n \t<li id=\"7e8f\"><em>string:\u00a0<\/em>basically a \u201cword\u201d, made up of characters. But, sometimes you need to convert an integer into a string in order to treat is as non-numeric.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"65b5\"><strong><em>\u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014Side Note #2:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"ee8e\">When the precision provided by\u00a0<em>decimal<\/em>\u00a0(up to 38 digits) is insufficient, use\u00a0<em>float<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0<em>real<\/em>\u00a0type of values.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ae316ba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ae316ba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0f001f\" data-id=\"a0f001f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-042016c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"042016c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n \t<li id=\"4f92\"><strong>FLOAT<\/strong>[(<em>n<\/em>)]: used to store single-precision and double-precision floating-point numbers.<\/li>\n \t<li id=\"20a8\"><strong>REAL:\u00a0<\/strong>A single-precision floating-point number.<\/li>\n \t<li id=\"e806\"><strong>DOUBLE<\/strong>\u00a0[<strong>PRECISION<\/strong>]: A double-precision floating-point number.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cda50d0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cda50d0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a9c4fc0\" data-id=\"a9c4fc0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed2ea12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed2ea12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"1da5\">A single-precision floating-point number is a 32-bit approximation of a real number. The number can be zero or can range from -3.402E+38 to -1.175E-37, or from 1.175E-37 to 3.402E+38. The range of\u00a0<em>n<\/em>\u00a0is 1 to 24. IBM DB2 internally represents the single-precision FLOAT data type as the REAL data type.<\/p>\n<p id=\"1a3c\">A double-precision floating-point number is a 64-bit approximation of a real number. The number can be zero or can range from -1.79769E+308 to -2.225E-307, or from 2.225E-307 to 1.79769E+308. The range of\u00a0<em>n<\/em>\u00a0is 25 to 53. IBM DB2 internally represents the double-precision FLOAT data type as the DOUBLE [PRECISION] data type.<\/p>\n<p id=\"ab3b\">If\u00a0<em>n<\/em>\u00a0is not specified the default value is 53.<\/p>\n<p id=\"311d\"><strong><em>\u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 end.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1ee9042 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1ee9042\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bf69e98\" data-id=\"bf69e98\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5170ca8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5170ca8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<blockquote id=\"6117\"><strong>Key Takeaway:\u00a0<\/strong><em>You can have, for example, a record with an attribute that is qualitative, categorical, ordinal, continuous, with decimal as a value and that you might need to identify it as real to increase precision. Each of these descriptors will determine how you clean, model and test the data.<\/em><\/blockquote>\n<\/section>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ready to learn Data Science? Browse courses\u00a0like\u00a0Data Science Training and Certification developed by industry thought leaders and Experfy in Harvard Innovation Lab. If you are getting started in your data science journey and don\u2019t come from a technical background (like me), then you definitely understand the struggle of keeping up with the terminology of data<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":268,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[187],"tags":[94],"ppma_author":[1785],"class_list":["post-630","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bigdata-cloud","tag-data-science"],"authors":[{"term_id":1785,"user_id":268,"is_guest":0,"slug":"melody-ucros","display_name":"Melody Ucros","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/?s=96&d=mm&r=g","user_url":"","last_name":"Ucros","first_name":"Melody","job_title":"","description":"<a href=\"https:\/\/towardsdatascience.com\/@melodyucros?source=post_header_lockup\">Melody Ucros<\/a>, an entrepreneurial Techie with an interest in Sales Strategy and Digital Transformations, is Director of Operations at Fundie Ventures, an impact investment consultancy startup. A full-time student at IE Business School&#039;s Masters in Big Data, she is Passionate about helping start-ups, playing with data &amp; exchanging knowledge with impact-makers around the world."}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/630","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/268"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=630"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/630\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":37849,"href":"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/630\/revisions\/37849"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=630"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=630"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=630"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.experfy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=630"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}